OpenCircuits - User contributions [en]

Category:Suppliers

2007-11-18T20:22:26Z

67.192.37.34:

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* AC motor controller ("brushless")
* ... (todo: fill in the other kinds) ...

A DC motor controller that is 'reversable' generally uses an 'H bridge'. This 'H-bridge' uses four output drivers in a configuration that resembles an H where the load is the cross bar in the middle. The lines on either side of the load (the downward strokes in the H) represent a series connection of a pull-up driver and a pull-down driver. This allows each terminal of the load to be connected to either the positive supply rail, or the negative supply rail. This allows a positive, negative or zero voltage difference across the load. This load voltage is then utilised to provide the desired control required of the motor. The various combinations can give a 'forwards' torque on a DC motor, a 'backwards' torque on the same motor, can allow the motor to free-wheel (without any applied torque) or can provide a locking of the motor such that it resists any attempt to rotate it.

A single phase AC motor is generally driven in the same way as a DC motor, however instead of operating the motor drive as a constant DC voltage (in either the 'forward' or 'reverse' direction) the AC motor is driven by an approximation to a sinewave. This approximation is created using the H bridge and driving it with a PWM input such that both the positive and negative voltage periods are the same. This is normally acheived either using a sawtooth waveform compared against a sine wave reference, or is done using a lookup table in a microcontroller.

A similar method is used to drive multiphase (3-phase) AC motors, however instead of just using an H bridge, only a half H bridge is used per phase (3 half-bridges). Each phases half bridge is then driven in the same manner as for the single phase motor, with a phase difference between the phases as appropriate.

Most stepper motor controllers uses 2 independent H bridges (4 half-bridges) for the 2 independent coils of a stepper motor.
Each possible state (one bridge driving current one way, the other way, or free-floating) of both bridges gives 4 "full steps", 4 "half-steps" between the full steps.
The "microstepping" motor controllers use PWM to gradually change in a sine-wave-like manner from adjacent full-steps and half-steps.

((fill in more details here...))

== noise control ==

Many motors make sparks when the brushes make or break contact.
This causes causes lots of electrical noise ("brush noi
1000
se").
Your TV-watching neighbors won't be happy if you allow this noise to leak out.

"Sparks emit RF energy from DC to daylight as I was once told by an EMC expert."
--
HydraRaptor: [http://hydraraptor.blogspot.com/2007/09/dc-to-daylight.html "DC to daylight"]. More details:
HydraRaptor: [http://hydraraptor.blogspot.com/2007/10/gm3-motor-suppressor.html "GM3 motor suppressor"]

== current sense ==

Often people want to measure the current going through the motor.

There are 3(?) basic techniques:
* low-side current shunt
* high-side current shunt
* magnetic field sense
* ... ''(any others I missed?)'' Yes, [http://www.4qdtec.com/mircl.html pseudo 'mirror' current sensing a MOSFET] -- sampling the voltage across a MOSFET while it is turned on. That voltage is linear with current but varies with temperature. If the purpose of measuring current is to turn off the MOSFET before it overheats, the variation with temperature doesn't matter. (''A true [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_mirror current mirror] isn't useful for motors, right?'')
* the "non-dissipative overcurrent protection", a kind of current mirror used in the L6208N ...
* ... ''(any others I missed?)''

Low-side is (electrically) the simplest.

For smaller motors, the current is usually measured by
running the current through a shunt resistor,
and measuring the voltage across the resistor.

In situations where low-side sensing is difficult ( automobile electronics bonded to the "GND" car frame; other systems where it is inconvenient to put a resistor on the "lo" power wire), we turn to high-side sensing.

[http://www.newark.com/jsp/search/browse.jsp;Ntt=high side current sense Newark: high side current sense]; [http://www.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?KeywordSearch

PG31 GPS RS232 Dev Board

2007-11-16T20:03:44Z

67.192.37.34:

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|-
|
[[Image:Main-Eval-PG31-RS232.jpg|PG31 RS232 Dev Board]]
|}
Description: Getting information from your project to your computer can be difficult at first. Once you discover how to setup an RS232 connection, it's really just cut-and-paste for future projects.

In this project we demonstrate how to:
*Setup an external power supply
*Setup 3.3V to RS232 circuit
*Complex PG31 GPS footprint

----
===Power Regulation===
First we will start with a simple adjustable voltage regulation circuit:

[[Image:PG31-PowerSupply.jpg|PG31 Power Supply]]

Please note this is a relatively compact SMD version of the power supply. This can easily be obtained with through-hole components using a breadboard. Here is the schematic:

[[Image:PG31-PowerSupply-Schematic.jpg]]

Now let's discuss what's going on here. The barrel jack (J1) is a basic 5.5mm OD 2.1mm ID type jack. We get an unregulated 9-13V out of the wall wart.

The D3 large diode MBRA140 is for reverse protection. It can handle up to 1A and prevents damage to the board if a center-negative wallwart is attached. This diode will cause a ~0.5V drop from whatever the wall-wart is outputting.

C2 ([[10uF Tantalum Capacitor]] in this case) is a basic decoupling cap. 10-100uF is adequate but should be rated for 15-25V.

U1 is the LM317 (or LM1117 in SMD form) adjustable [[Basic_Voltage_Regulators|voltage regulator]]. It will take in some larger voltage and output a set voltage. The output voltage is set with two external resistors. R1 is historically 240 and value for R2 is different for different required output voltages. In our case, we want 3.3V out of the regulator, so R2 is set to 715. The LM317 is good because it is variable, the SOT-223 package is nice becuase it can take a relatively large voltage on the input (25V max I believe?) and has decent heat dissapation.

C1 and C3 are decoupling caps that help clean up the output transcients and noise.

J2 is just a two pin polarized header so that you can either 'steal' 3.3V from the board to power other boards, or have other boards power this board without the need for the external wall wart.

----

===RS232 Interface===
So we've got a nice clean output of 3.3V from the regulator, let's look at the RS232 connection:

[[Image:PG31-SerialConnection.jpg|PG31 Serial Connection]]

This shows the DB9 connector (also known as a D-Sub 9-pin connector), serial cable, and MAX3232 IC and charge pump caps (all SMD, again, can be done with PTH components). Here is the schematic:

[[Image:PG31-SerialConnection-Schematic.jpg]]

Now read-up on the MAX232 IC. It could be the most common IC out there, at least for the embdded world. This IC will have many different model names (ICL232 for example) but all do the same thing, and will most likely have identical pin-outs. This IC is used to take low voltage signals from your micro or PIC or ARM or whatever, and converts those low-voltage signals to higher-voltage signals that the computer can understand. The voltage levels on TTL are also inverted for RS232 so the MAX232 takes care of that as well!

The MAX232 takes in TTL signals and sends out RS232 signals. It also takes the RS232 signals from the computer and outputs TTL signals to whatever microcontroller you are using. How does it do this magic? With charge pump capacitors. You'll notice four 0.1uF caps attached to the MAX3232. If you're reading closely, you'll also notice we have a MAX3232 not the MAX232. Difference:
*MAX232 must be powered with 5V and converts 5V TTL<->RS232
*MAX3232 can be powered from 3V to 5V and converts it to RS232

So in this application, the GPS unit is running at 3.3V. If we were to send 5V TTL to it, it would be damaged! So we must use the lower voltage MAX3232 part. No big deal, it's functionally identical to the MAX232. From here on out, I will only refer to the MAX232.

When you first view the MAX232 component, it can be a bit confusing. The pins label T1/T2 are the transmit channels (MAX232 has 2 TX channels and 2 RX channels). T1In/T2In will take *in* TTL and send *out* RS232 out T1Out/T2Out. So for our purposes, we need to connect the GPS unit's serial TX pin to the T1In pin of the MAX232. So when the GPS unit outputs some 3.3V TTL signals, these signals will be converted into RS232 and sent to the computer (TX1Out is connected to pin 2 on the DB9 connector).

Finally, when the computer needs to send info to the GPS unit, it will send RS232 signals down the serial cable, on pin 3 of the serial cable/DB9 connector to R1In of the MAX232. This RS232 signal will be converter to TTL and sent out the R1Out pin. This TTL signal is connected to the RX pin on the GPS unit. Voila.

I can't tell you how many times I've crossed TX and RX on different projects. Sit down, think about it, and once you've got it wired correctly, cut and paste into future projects.

----

===PG31 Footprint===
[[Image:PG31-Footprint.jpg]]

Now about the footprint for the PG31. Unless the manufacturer hands you a foorprint file or a simple, recommended FP in the datasheet, you're going to have to go it on your own. We took the PG31 and a pair of calipers and went at it. It can be extremely difficult the first time. This PG31 FP took me twice to get correct. Do the best you can and try to account for things like the antenna connector. The second rev FP, I forgot to account for the MMCX connector, I put the DB9 connector right up against the PG31, and Viola - useless PCB! a.k.a another coaster for my coffee cup. But once you've got the FP, you're good for all future projects using that device. Now you know why engineers hate to change parts...

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===Final Layout===
[[Image:PG31-Layout.jpg|300px]]

You can see the PCB layout is pretty straight forward. The 'solder jumpers' are a feature that SFE came up with to minimize our manufacturing time while allowing end users to populate the physical jumpers if they needed the ability to connect/disconnect a feature often and quickly. Most users just plug the PG31 onto their computer for quick evaluation. At some point, the MAX232 may need to be disconnected from the circuit so that an external micro or embedded system could be attached. If this is done back and forth often, the end user can clear the solder jumper with a swipe of the soldering iron, install a 2-pin header and a black plastic jumper. This now allows them to jumper/dejumper quickly and keeps us from having to solder the 2-pin headers into a board that may not need them.

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===Things to Improve===
So that's pretty much it. The board works well, and assuming Laipac doesn't change their parts again, we will produce the board for some time.

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===Documents===
[[Media:PG31-RS232 Schematic.pdf|PG31-RS232 Schematic]]

[[Media:PG31 RS232 Carrier - Protel.zip|PG31-RS232 Protel File]]

[[Media:PG31 RS232 Carrier - Gerbers.zip|PG31-RS232 Gerber Files]]

Footprints:
[[SFE_Footprint_Library|SFE Footprint Library]]

FP Name: PG31

Supplier Info:
Spark Fun Electronics part # : Eval-PG31-RS232 
Single Piece Price : $29.95

Related Items:

* [[PG31 GPS USB Dev Board]]

[[Category:Projects]]