Difference between revisions of "Photoetching"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(link to related articles)
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 33 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
[http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/schiaccia-palline.htm schiaccia palline] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/cn-amici/ cn amici] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/campeggi-adriatici.htm campeggi adriatici e prezzi] [http://chtritt.ifrance.com/new/griffon.htm griffon 0.01] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/almera-tino.htm almera tino] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/www-looks1/ www looks com] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/ufficio-salzburg/ ufficio salzburg] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/marron-five3/ marron five testo] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/prontomoda-bigiotteria.htm prontomoda bigiotteria lecce] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/ferdinando-e/ ferdinando e carolina] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/hdtv-decoder/ hdtv decoder] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/world-map.htm world map] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/tipografia-giannini1/ tipografia giannini] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/trome/ trome] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/culo-fighe/ culo fighe] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/una-nave/ una nave tutta matta] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/compact-flash8/ compact flash 128] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/candlemass-documents/ candlemass. documents of doom] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/enologia-italia/ enologia italia] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/hyundai-9/ hyundai - 17 lcd tv] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/villaggi-terrasini.htm villaggi terrasini] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/pete-yorn.htm pete yorn] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/elettrodi-elettrostimolatore/ elettrodi elettrostimolatore] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/philips-fisio2.htm philips fisio 310] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/heroes.htm heroes] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/pensionata/ pensionata] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/volvo-awd.htm volvo awd] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/yepp-yp1/ yepp yp 53v 256mb] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/saintoyen/ saint-oyen] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/muf1/ m.u.f.] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/audio-key9.htm audio key fm 1] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/balli-di3/ balli di grupo] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/supporto-a9/ supporto a ventosa pda] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/televisori-acer1.htm televisori acer lcd 20] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/exilim-z7/ exilim z40] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/runas.htm runas] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/xbox-4.htm xbox 360 parte piano in giappone] [http://chtritt.ifrance.com/new/toshiba-tlp.htm toshiba tlp s70] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/microfoni-ps.htm microfoni ps2] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/se-ce/ se ce ne] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/pide-lo/ pide lo que quieras] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/bi-and1/ bi and gay group] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/karpathos/ karpathos] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/fotos-de151.htm fotos de brusli] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/lettore-mp279/ lettore mp3 20 gb acer] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/zombie-dei.htm zombie dei cranberries] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/spencer-tracy/ spencer tracy] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/rua-do/ rua do gato preto] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/age-of29/ age of mythology gold] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/amanti-primedonne/ amanti, primedonne] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/batteria-samsung8.htm batteria samsung sgh- a800] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/carenature-moto/ carenature moto] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/dying-bride.htm dying bride] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/motore-fap.htm motore fap] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/ewka/ ewka] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/tst-projecy/ tst projecy] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/carta-stradale4/ carta stradale d italia] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/juliette-lewis.htm juliette lewis] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/ristorante-arnaldo.htm ristorante arnaldo] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/palmare-cell.htm palmare cell] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/lavatrice-lavasciuga1/ lavatrice lavasciuga 15 kg] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/giuseppe-verdi17/ giuseppe verdi. macbeth] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/antiaris/ antiaris] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/chanel-n1/ chanel n 5] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/mogli-con/ mogli con piedi puzzolenti] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/obiettivo-nikon13/ obiettivo nikon 35-70] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/triband-samsung.htm triband samsung] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/umorismo-di/ umorismo di pirandello] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/l-istrione.htm l istrione] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/dinopolis/ dinopolis] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/balto-collection/ balto collection] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/shirin/ shirin] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/new-key6/ new key seca] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/www-start2/ www start co il] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/assal/ assal] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/abbigliamento-dark.htm abbigliamento dark] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/gloria-gar.htm gloria gar rich out ill be there] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/logitech14/ logitech 7 1] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/lindas-chicas/ lindas chicas desnudas] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/digital-camera18/ digital camera kodak dcs] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/centro-america1/ centro america] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/aereo/ aereo] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/mansell/ mansell] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/case-sardegna.htm case sardegna] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/www-bath/ www bath ac com] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/adobe-photoshop18/ adobe photoshop cs2 ita upgrade] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/buddah-bar2.htm buddah bar iii] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/goce/ goce] [http://chtritt.ifrance.com/new/mirage-la1.htm mirage la luna midi] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/granpremio-lotteria/ granpremio lotteria agnano] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/testo-di109/ testo di this love dei maroon5] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/tragica-confessione.htm tragica confessione] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/johncena/ johncena] [http://dulepinas.ifrance.com/blog/cessione-quinto1.htm cessione quinto stipendio] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/al7.htm al 702] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/lifedrive-palm1.htm lifedrive palm tom tom] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/hard-disk538.htm hard disk per portatili] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/aspirapolveri-con2/ aspirapolveri con filtro hepa senza] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/giuliana-regina/ giuliana (regina dei paesi ba...] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/Nudismo-in1.htm nudismo in croazia] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/worms-breakout.htm worms breakout] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/materassi-culla/ materassi culla] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/epson45/ epson 200] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/elenco-banche/ elenco banche] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/the-nation.htm the nation army] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/porque-no1.htm porque no valgo porque no tengo] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/scopate-con4.htm scopate con cavall] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/www-juventus2.htm www juventus] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/samsung-lemb1.htm samsung le32m61b] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/calzature-all.htm calzature all star] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/apparato/ apparato] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/hugo-victormarie/ hugo, victor-marie] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/pierino-e/ pierino e il lupo] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/nikon-71/ nikon - coolpix] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/pianeta-venere/ pianeta venere] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/aggiornamenti-rimini/ aggiornamenti rimini] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/anguillara/ anguillara] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/wieprz/ wieprz] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/ora-settembre/ ora settembre] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/scuole-di15.htm scuole di disegno] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/image-tapis/ image tapis roulant] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/la-distancia.htm la distancia roberto carlos] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/segno-zodiacale2/ segno zodiacale vergine] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/accessori-acer5.htm accessori acer n20] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/maroon1/ maroon5] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/fregna-nuda/ fregna nuda] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/memory-card25/ memory card nokia 6230i] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/jeep1/ jeep 2005] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/har-disk7.htm har disk firewire] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/full-x2/ full x tv] [http://dulepinas.ifrance.com/blog/golf-64.htm golf 115 cv] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/jasna-zalica/ jasna zalica] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/vello-p.htm vello p mario] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/tesine-studenti/ tesine studenti] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/i-giovani4/ i giovani eroi] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/lettori-dvd90/ lettori dvd dvx majestic] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/secondo-casadei/ secondo casadei] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/anna-carena/ anna carena] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/lettore-dvd183.htm lettore dvd vcr lettori] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/master-1.htm master 130 2m] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/ufficio-faenza/ ufficio faenza] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/un-certo1/ un certo signor grant] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/lettori-dvd88/ lettori dvd portatile tv 7] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/pda-accessori2/ pda accessori per auto] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/cd-one2/ cd one shot 80] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/manbru.htm manbru] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/teletabbies.htm teletabbies] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/km-peugeot5.htm km0 peugeot auto km 0] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/atisapphire-/ ati-sapphire - radeon 9200 128mb] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/sotto-massima/ sotto massima sicurezza] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/utilizzazioni-nelle.htm utilizzazioni nelle scuole superiori] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/sconsolata.htm sconsolata] [http://panoptesa.ifrance.com/html/david-il/ david il ballerino] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/mortacci/ mortacci] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/tablet-pc8.htm tablet pc hp] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/geirl-fuck/ geirl fuck] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/centra-il1/ centra il vaso] [http://chtritt.ifrance.com/new/dieta-sprint.htm dieta sprint] [http://dulepinas.ifrance.com/blog/live-show.htm live show] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/dragostea-din89/ dragostea din dei] [http://armabells.ifrance.com/de-blanc2.htm de blanc topless] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/payot/ payot 5] [http://romanticgirl07.ifrance.com/resources/del-pero/ del pero mario libri] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/deh-rb.htm deh -1600rb] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/www-x2/ www x archive com] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/brescia-fiori.htm brescia fiori] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/sin-ritorna.htm sin ritorna dal passato] [http://fehowton.ifrance.com/styles/cochi-e1/ cochi e reanato] [http://pylinskyf.ifrance.com/styles/il-bardo/ il bardo] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/reyli/ reyli] [http://dulepinas.ifrance.com/blog/zxr.htm zx-6r] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/milano-chiavami/ milano chiavami] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/logitech-remote/ logitech remote] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/power-pete.htm power pete] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/sen-farklisin/ sen farklisin] [http://gesalle.ifrance.com/cerco-orientali.htm cerco orientali] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/uomo-primitivo/ uomo primitivo] [http://dulepinas.ifrance.com/blog/kapa.htm kapa] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/human-behavior1/ human behavior di bjork] [http://maleghas.ifrance.com/resources/xbox-moto1/ xbox moto gp 3] [http://chtritt.ifrance.com/new/ichikawa.htm ichikawa] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/elvenking/ elvenking] [http://dilyarfa30.ifrance.com/maracaibo-midi/ maracaibo midi] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/hp-pavilion17/ hp pavilion a805] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/thunderbirds.htm thunderbirds 6] [http://huvoils.ifrance.com/enfleurage/ enfleurage] [http://weermanf.ifrance.com/foto-de8/ foto de sexo ginecologo] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/cd-audio2/ cd audio mp3] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/frasi-auguri10.htm frasi auguri innaugurazione] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/slalom-pro1/ slalom pro matrix] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/nike-linea.htm nike linea uomo] [http://grigoraf.ifrance.com/data/bios-msi.htm bios msi 875p neo 1.2] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/bad-gastein.htm bad gastein] [http://crdotson.ifrance.com/library/www-giarre/ www giarre calcio it] [http://irrisha13.ifrance.com/grembiule-scuola/ grembiule scuola] [http://byakf.ifrance.com/lib/wagonslits-con.htm wagons-lits con omicidi] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/robbie-williams30.htm robbie williams naked] [http://mycable.ifrance.com/blog/juiced-txt.htm juiced txt] [http://hogoodro.ifrance.com/text/lacrime-damore.htm lacrime damore] [http://ziziebar.ifrance.com/small/dsl3.htm dsl 904] {{stub}}
+
Photoetching, like [[Toner Transfer]], is a popular [[techniques | PCB fabrication technique]].
  
 
== Negative Film ==
 
== Negative Film ==
Line 8: Line 8:
 
A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it.
 
A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it.
  
The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimentions.
+
The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimensions.
  
 
Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp.
 
Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp.
  
 
After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.
 
After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.
 +
 +
=== etching ===
 +
See [[Chemical Etchants]] for details.
  
 
The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating.
 
The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating.
 +
 +
=== holes ===
  
 
The components used for the design are thru-hole and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.
 
The components used for the design are thru-hole and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.
  
 +
=== populating ===
  
 
Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board.
 
Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board.

Latest revision as of 07:59, 28 January 2009

Photoetching, like Toner Transfer, is a popular PCB fabrication technique.

Negative Film[edit]

Printed Circuit Boards I start with a hand drawn schematic. The schematic is then prototyped on a breadboard (prototype board). Breadboarding provides a test platform for circuit designs. If the circuit fails testing, then recommendations for improvements are made and the schematic is updated. Once a circuit is thoroughly tested and proven reliable then the circuit is entered into a CAD package for electronic storing, editing and printing.

A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it.

The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimensions.

Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp.

After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.

etching[edit]

See Chemical Etchants for details.

The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating.

holes[edit]

The components used for the design are thru-hole and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.

populating[edit]

Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board.

The components are soldered on starting with jumper wires, resistors and working up to ICs and larger components.

External Links[edit]