Difference between revisions of "Oscillator"

From OpenCircuits
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(revert to 14:25, 7 September 2007 by 66.84.205.186)
Line 1: Line 1:
[http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/female-gushing.html female gushing orgasm] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/chicago-escorts.html chicago escorts] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/buxom-blondes.html buxom blondes] [http://sybilcasiano.ifrance.com/view/symptoms-of-thyroid.html symptoms of thyroid problems] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/foo-fighters-times.html foo fighters times like these] [http://dahliacomerford.ifrance.com/lib/dirty-panties.html dirty panties] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/bbs-porn.html bbs porn] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/machu-pichu.html machu pichu] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/black-erotica.htm black erotica] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/learn-to-suck-own.html learn to suck own dick] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/producers-tickets.html producers tickets] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/make-sure-of-all.html make sure of all things] [http://sybilcasiano.ifrance.com/view/birthday-invitaions.html birthday invitaions] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/xbox-emulator.htm xbox emulator] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/net-leads.html net leads] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/gwen-stefani-cool.htm gwen stefani cool] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/skelaxin.html skelaxin] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/nokia-pc-suite.html nokia pc suite] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/mary-jo-johnson.htm mary jo johnson] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/wet-and-wild.html wet and wild girls] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/sienna-guillory.html sienna guillory] [http://sybilcasiano.ifrance.com/view/cellular-service.html cellular service] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/free-gay-teen-porn.html free gay teen porn] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/total-moles.htm total moles] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/young-lovers.htm young lovers] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/scarlett-johanson.html scarlett johanson nude] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/home-loan-rate.html home loan rate] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/kj52.html kj52] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/art-clip-ms.html art clip ms] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/nelly-tip-drill.html nelly tip drill] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/skinheads.html skinheads] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/casting-couch-teens.html casting couch teens] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/apply-for-passport.html apply for passport in india] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/mount-vesuvius.htm mount vesuvius] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/mexican-candy.html mexican candy] [http://serega-baranka.jino-net.ru/office-automation.html office automation group collaboration software] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/planet-lo-nymphs.html planet lo nymphs] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/vero-mango.html vero mango] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/stealth-bomber.html stealth bomber] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/wall-paper.html wall paper] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/dogfighting.htm dogfighting] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/electronics.htm electronics stores] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/vampirefreaks.html vampirefreaks] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/upholstery-supplies.html upholstery supplies] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/mortgage-lending.html mortgage lending companies] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/twisted-retard.html twisted retard humor] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/lehman-brother.htm lehman brother aggregate index] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/reseller-terms.html reseller terms and conditions] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/nice-natural-girls.htm nice natural girls] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/football-odds.html football odds] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/pornsites.html pornsites] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/urinary-tract-infection.html urinary tract infection] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/news-papers-in.htm news papers in south carolina] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/persuasive-speech.htm persuasive speech topics] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/crazy-sex.html crazy sex] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/fusker.html fusker] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/sexy-secretaries.html sexy secretaries] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/gay-stories.html gay stories] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/kids-jewelry-boxes.htm kids jewelry boxes] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/engraving.html engraving] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/grendel.html grendel] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/blood-brothers.html blood brothers] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/gettin-laid.html gettin laid] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/ali-boulala.html ali boulala] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/coldplay-sheet.html coldplay sheet music] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/listen-to-your.html listen to your heart remake] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/homemade-glycerin.html homemade glycerin soap] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/tennessee-vols.htm tennessee vols] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/sexy-guys.html sexy guys] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/who-wrote-the.html who wrote the gospel of mark] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/teenchat.html teenchat] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/tomb-raider-porn.htm tomb raider porn] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/honda-performance.html honda performance parts] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/teenage-girls-oral.html teenage girls oral sex] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/adult-action.html adult action] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/jetix.html jetix] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/mega-millions-lottery.htm mega millions lottery] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/nine-man-morris.html nine man morris] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/robins-federal.htm robins federal credit union] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/mistress-latex.html mistress latex] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/short-dick.html short dick] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/dodger-tickets.htm dodger tickets] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/skater-girls.htm skater girls] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/us.html us] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/boomerangs.html boomerangs] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/nine-to-five-lyrics.html nine to five lyrics] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/my-wife-is-hot.html my wife is hot] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/ballbusting.html ballbusting women] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/suunto.htm suunto] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/barely-clothed.html barely clothed girls] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/dvd-easter-eggs.html dvd easter eggs] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/swimming-fully-clothed.html swimming fully clothed] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/diamond-watch.html diamond watch] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/newlyweds.html newlyweds] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/bone-thugs.html bone thugs] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/java-script-searchable.htm java script searchable database] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/rent-an-rv-canada.html rent an rv canada] [http://serega-baranka.jino-net.ru/english-mastiff.html english mastiff] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/irs-levy.html irs levy] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/winnebago.htm winnebago] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/females-nude.html females nude] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/funny-joke.htm funny joke] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/might-need-somebody.html might need somebody] [http://serega-baranka.jino-net.ru/northern-nursery.html northern nursery] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/american-flags.html american flags] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/fall-out-boy.html fall out boy mp3] [http://sybilcasiano.ifrance.com/view/phentermine-no-prescription.html phentermine no prescription] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/nude-male-wrestling.html nude male wrestling] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/making-love.htm making love] [http://sybilcasiano.ifrance.com/view/horney.html horney] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/book-sellers.html book sellers] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/ccli.html ccli] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/disney-world.html disney world] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/gay-boxers.htm gay boxers] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/jon-b.html jon b] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/hearts.html hearts] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/dermatologist.htm dermatologist] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/rss-reader.html rss reader] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/boston-whaler.html boston whaler] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/road-bicycles.html road bicycles] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/ladies-shoes-sandals.html ladies shoes sandals boots] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/visio-stencils-download.html visio stencils download] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/nudes-a-poppin.html nudes a poppin] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/puffer-fish.html puffer fish] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/beaded-bracelets.htm beaded bracelets] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/smiley-faces.html smiley faces] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/anna-kournikova.html anna kournikova sex] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/cheap-mp3.htm cheap mp3] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/girl-shitting.html girl shitting] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/roulette-gambling.htm roulette gambling] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/milwaukee-phone.htm milwaukee phone chat line] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/east-carolina.html east carolina university] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/miss-nude-france.html miss nude france] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/free-interracial.htm free interracial] [http://dahliacomerford.ifrance.com/lib/vintage-panties.html vintage panties] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/uk-page-3-girls.html uk page 3 girls] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/nicole-hilton.htm nicole hilton] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/dragon-ballz.html dragon ballz] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/jools-hollands.htm jools hollands] [http://dahliacomerford.ifrance.com/lib/motherboards.html motherboards] [http://dahliacomerford.ifrance.com/lib/dog-bounty-hunter.html dog bounty hunter] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/hot-girls-pissing.html hot girls pissing] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/anal-bang.html anal bang] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/jade-marcella.html jade marcella] [http://tata-tjan.freehostia.com/the-price-is-right.htm the price is right] [http://aesher.freehostia.com/molex.html molex] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/hot-children.html hot children] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/hyman.html hyman] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/white-bear-lake.html white bear lake mn high school] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/michigan-camps.html michigan camps] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/people-from-nicaragua.html people from nicaragua] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/apparel-ohio-state.html apparel ohio state] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/frat-party.html frat party] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/turkish-airline.html turkish airline] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/hillary-swank.htm hillary swank] [http://dahliacomerford.ifrance.com/lib/fine-lingerie.html fine lingerie] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/seven-mile-beach.html seven mile beach condo] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/klipsch.html klipsch] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/big-butt-black.html big butt black girls] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/memory-foam.html memory foam mattress] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/medical-claims.html medical claims software] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/joe-music-public.html joe music public video] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/women-models.htm women models] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/rosanna-rossi.html rosanna rossi] [http://danyelmcmann.ifrance.com/resources/innocent-sex.htm innocent sex] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/gagonmycock.html gagonmycock] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/girl-kissing.htm girl kissing] [http://bulatovmz.freehostia.com/data/public-exposure.html public exposure] [http://dahliacomerford.ifrance.com/lib/register-domain.html register domain] [http://serega-baranka.jino-net.ru/customer-service.html customer service rep training tools] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/krylon.htm krylon] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/nude-beach-babe.htm nude beach babe gallery] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/muscle-and-fitness.html muscle and fitness] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/gay-preteen-studs.html gay preteen studs] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/panty-hose.html panty hose] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/carmen-garcia.html carmen garcia] [http://gladygendreau.ifrance.com/description/poor-boy-sandwich.htm poor boy sandwich history] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/apartments-rent.html apartments rent] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/mattress-world-michigan.html mattress world michigan] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/penis-get-stuck.html penis get stuck in a vagina] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/midnightprowl.html midnightprowl] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/dick-suck.html dick suck] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/xboysx.html xboysx] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/hairless-preteen.html hairless preteen] [http://aftermida.freehostia.com/content/babyshower-invitation.html babyshower invitation] [http://therapia90.ifrance.com/international.html international digital copyright law] [http://lana-lapusya.freehostia.com/free-live-cam.html free live cam] [http://my-rss.freehostia.com/web/samsung-ringtone.html samsung ringtone] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/columbus-ohio-real.html columbus ohio real estate] [http://bel4onok-spb.jino-net.ru/library/sex-island.html sex island] [http://mariamgetz.ifrance.com/hot-sexy-men.html hot sexy men] [http://sybilcasiano.ifrance.com/view/pocket-bikes.html pocket bikes] [http://avelinabranum.ifrance.com/topic/cheating-women.html cheating women] [http://mipafford.ifrance.com/lib/location-mart.html location mart wal] [http://veronikac.jino-net.ru/small/i-love-sunday.html i love sunday that] [http://balthrop.ifrance.com/description/lmao.html lmao] [http://nat-z.freehostia.com/small/thyroid-disorders.html thyroid disorders] [http://serega-baranka.jino-net.ru/protein-in-urine.html protein in urine] [http://mcjonath.freehostia.com/lib/all-girls-boarding.htm all girls boarding high schools] [http://sunshine-queen.freehostia.com/view/shin-splints.html shin splints] The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
+
The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.
  
 
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
 
Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can.
Line 23: Line 23:
 
CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.
 
CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.
  
Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of s
+
Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.
1000
 
econds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.
 
  
 
== for further reading ==
 
== for further reading ==
  
* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/cloc
+
* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/clocks.htm massmind: clocks]
1000
 
ks.htm massmind: clocks]
 
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator Wikipedia: crystal oscillator]
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator Wikipedia: crystal oscillator]
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE
+
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1824&appnote=en021190 "App Note AN949: Making Your Oscillator Work" by Brett Duane]
 +
* [http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1824&appnote=en020706 "App Note AN943: Practical PICmicro® Oscillator Analysis and Design" by Ruan Lourens]
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Components]]

Revision as of 14:17, 28 November 2007

The vast majority of electronic systems operate at some fixed frequency.

Usually the component that fixes that frequency is a quartz crystal, sealed in a metal can. (Some very-low-cost devices might use a "ceramic resonator" (made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate)or a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency).

The entire circuit that generates the frequency is called an "oscillator", includes the resonant part (crystal, resonator, or RC), some capacitors, and a silicon chip and therefore is called a hybrid device. (An oscillator that uses a resistor and a capacitor to fix the frequency is called a "RC oscillator". An oscillator that uses a crystal to fix the frequency is called a "crystal oscillator".)

The oscillator includes, in addition to the frequency-fixing component just mentioned, an amplifier and capacitors.

Oscillators usually come in a metal can, but Epson also encapsulates them in plastic. Typically an oscillator can has 4 pins. Inside the can is all the components of the oscillator. One applies DC power on 2 of the pins, and the oscillating signal (the "CLK OUT") appears on another pin. (The remaining pin is unused).

An oscillator can also be made from scratch using crystal in a (2-pin) metal can, a couple of capacitors, an resitor and an inverter. In either case, the frequency is printed on the top of the crystal or oscillator.

Many microcontrollers have 2 pins (typically labeled "XTAL1" and "XTAL2", or "OSC1" and "OSC2", or something similar) that are designed to be directly connected to the 2 pins of a crystal. (Capacitors from those pins to VCC and GND are also part of the recommended circuit). An inverter inside the microcontroller acts as the amplifier, and the crystal and capacitors make up the rest of the oscillator.

In systems with multiple CPUs, it is often simpler, cheaper, and more reliable (avoiding metastability problems) to use a single crystal (rather than a dedicated crystal for each CPU). CPUs (and many other components) often have a single "CLK" pin designed to be connected to the wire used to send that "clock signal" (a fixed frequency) everywhere.

Unfortunately, many people confuse the "clock signal" generated by an oscillator (a simple metronome beat, tone, at constant frequency) with far more complicated "clock system"s that keep track of seconds, minutes, hours, and sometimes days, weeks, months, and years.

for further reading