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* a '''CPU''' is something that can execute software programs. The earliest CPUs were built out of many parts, but now most CPUs are in microprocessors. | * a '''CPU''' is something that can execute software programs. The earliest CPUs were built out of many parts, but now most CPUs are in microprocessors. | ||
* a '''microprocessor''' is a kind of single [[Integrated Circuits|integrated circuit]] that includes an entire CPU. In the earliest microprocessors, and some famous kinds of microprocessors still being made, the CPU fills the entire chip, and so require external RAM and ROM/FLASH memory. But now most CPUs sold are in microcontrollers[http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/designforum/silicon_update/3/index.asp]. | * a '''microprocessor''' is a kind of single [[Integrated Circuits|integrated circuit]] that includes an entire CPU. In the earliest microprocessors, and some famous kinds of microprocessors still being made, the CPU fills the entire chip, and so require external RAM and ROM/FLASH memory. But now most CPUs sold are in microcontrollers[http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/designforum/silicon_update/3/index.asp]. | ||
− | * A '''microcontroller''' is a kind of microprocessor that, in addition to the CPU, also includes RAM, ROM/FLASH memory, | + | * A '''microcontroller''' is a kind of microprocessor that, in addition to the CPU, also includes RAM, ROM/FLASH memory, digital I/O, analog to digital convertors, and even comparators on a single die/package. |
− | A microcontroller is a little computer on a single Die/Package. The computer includes a CPU core, RAM, ROM/FLASH, and peripherals | + | A microcontroller is a little computer on a single Die/Package. The computer includes a CPU core, RAM, ROM/FLASH, and peripherals including UARTS, A/D converters, SPI, and I2C. Microcontrollers differ from microprocessors in that the microprocessors generally have bigger more powerful central processing units, but need support chips for ram, rom and other peripherals. Most modern microcontrollers use FLASH ram instead of a ROM so they can be programmed over and over. Many modern microcontrollers allow self-flashing to enable bootloading or a firmware update without pulling the chip from the circuit or using a programmer/debugger. |
Unlike PCs, which have a wide range of programming languages available, microcontrollers have only a few programming languages available -- C programming language, Basic programming language, Forth programming language, assembly language, and (on a few microcontrollers) Python programming language. | Unlike PCs, which have a wide range of programming languages available, microcontrollers have only a few programming languages available -- C programming language, Basic programming language, Forth programming language, assembly language, and (on a few microcontrollers) Python programming language. | ||
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== Atmel AVR == | == Atmel AVR == | ||
− | + | The AVR series is split into 4 different types: | |
− | + | {| border="1" | |
− | + | | Series | |
− | + | | Description | |
− | + | | Processors | |
− | + | | Facts | |
− | Small | + | |- |
− | + | |ATtiny | |
− | + | | Small (2 Ports or less) 8 bit RISC PU but extremely powerful (20MHz System Clock, 20MIPS, 64MHz Fast Peripheral Clock) | |
− | + | | ATtiny25/45/85, ATtiny 26/46/86, ... | |
− | + | | 10bit ADCs, USI, 8/16bit timer, PWM, I²C, SPI , BOD, WDT, ... | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |ATmega | |
− | + | | Powerful 8bit RISC PU with up to 10 IO Ports and up to 256k flash (20MHz system clock, 20 MIPS) | |
− | + | | ATmega88, ATmega16/32, ATmega640/1280/2560, ATmega1281/2561, ... | |
− | + | | 10bit ADCs, USARTs, 8/16bit timer, I²C, SPI, BOD, WDT, ... | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |ATxmega | |
− | + | | Extremely powerful 8/16bit RISC CPU with up to 10 IO Ports and up to 256k flash (32 MHz system clock, 32 MIPS) | |
− | + | | ATxmega64A1/128A1/192A1/256A1, ATxmega64A3/128A3/192A3/256A3, .... | |
− | + | | 12bit ADC, 12bit DAC, 16 bit timer, USARTs, SPI, I²C, DMA, Real time clock, crypto engine,.. | |
− | + | |- | |
− | + | |AVR32 | |
− | + | | High End 32bit RISC CPU for multimedia purposes (system clocks up to 200 MHz and more) | |
− | + | | AP7000, AP7001, AP7002, AT32UC3A0128/0256/0512, ... | |
− | + | | A lot =), see atmel.com for futher details | |
− | + | |} | |
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− | High | ||
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− | + | Especially the ATmega series is very easy to use and is the best processor for beginners. All small chips are available in the easy to use DIL package and combined with an AVRDragon for about 60€ everybody with a budget of about 70€ is able to build and debug his own microprocessor applications. The AVRDragon allows you to debug all ATmega & ATtiny processors with less than 32k flash using DebugWire or JTAG and to program all ATmega / ATtiny devices using HVPP, ISP and JTAG. | |
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* [[Arduino Links]] Arduino is a development board based on AVR Microcontrollers | * [[Arduino Links]] Arduino is a development board based on AVR Microcontrollers | ||
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== further reading == | == further reading == | ||
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* [http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-choose-a-MicroController/ Instructables: How to choose a MicroController] | * [http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-choose-a-MicroController/ Instructables: How to choose a MicroController] | ||
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* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/Particular_Microprocessors#brief_selection_guide Wikibooks: brief selection guide] | * [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/Particular_Microprocessors#brief_selection_guide Wikibooks: brief selection guide] | ||
*[http://www.veys.com/index.php?title=Main_Page Main Page] May have been a one man effort, now dropped. Has a bit of content that looks good. | *[http://www.veys.com/index.php?title=Main_Page Main Page] May have been a one man effort, now dropped. Has a bit of content that looks good. | ||
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*[http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html PIC vs. AVR Ultimate fight] | *[http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html PIC vs. AVR Ultimate fight] | ||
* [http://chiphacker.com/questions/1092/whats-the-difference-between-a-microcontroller-and-a-microprocessor Chiphacker: "What’s the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?"] | * [http://chiphacker.com/questions/1092/whats-the-difference-between-a-microcontroller-and-a-microprocessor Chiphacker: "What’s the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor?"] | ||
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[[category:microcontroller]][[Category:Components]] | [[category:microcontroller]][[Category:Components]] |