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− | + | == ADC analog to digital converter == | |
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− | + | There are a huge variety of ADCs available. | |
− | + | If you need 10 bits or less of resolution, | |
− | + | counter-intuitively, | |
− | + | it costs less to buy an ADC plus a microcontroller on one chip | |
− | + | than to buy a stand-alone ADC. | |
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− | If you need 10 bits or less of resolution, counter-intuitively, | ||
− | it costs less to buy an ADC plus a microcontroller on one chip than to buy a stand-alone ADC. | ||
* ATTINY13V -- lowest-price chip I know of with at least one 10 bit ADC | * ATTINY13V -- lowest-price chip I know of with at least one 10 bit ADC | ||
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* $6.50 CY8C27443 Cypress PSoC microcontroller has 4 ADC inputs (14 bits) -- but what is the sampling rate? Also has 4 DAC outputs (9 bits). | * $6.50 CY8C27443 Cypress PSoC microcontroller has 4 ADC inputs (14 bits) -- but what is the sampling rate? Also has 4 DAC outputs (9 bits). | ||
* $56 analog devices AD7716: four independent, simultaneous 22 bit ADCs. | * $56 analog devices AD7716: four independent, simultaneous 22 bit ADCs. | ||
− | * the Maxim | + | * [http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/an_pk/885 the Maxim MAX1460 includes a 16-bit ADC, 12-bit DAC], a programmable gain amp (PGA), temp sensor, and 16-bit processor. (Alas, its program is in unchangeable ROM). |
* $16 Analog Devices AduC812: 200kHz 12-bit ADC, 12-bit DAC, and flash-based 8051 MCU core. | * $16 Analog Devices AduC812: 200kHz 12-bit ADC, 12-bit DAC, and flash-based 8051 MCU core. | ||
* $15 [http://www.maxim-ic.com/maxq7665 Maxim MAXQ7665]: 500ksps 12-Bit ADC, 12-Bit DAC, flash-based 16-bit MAXQ MCU core | * $15 [http://www.maxim-ic.com/maxq7665 Maxim MAXQ7665]: 500ksps 12-Bit ADC, 12-Bit DAC, flash-based 16-bit MAXQ MCU core | ||
* $7 to $16 Texas Instruments MSP430: 300 ksps 12 bit ADC, 35 ksps 12 bit DAC | * $7 to $16 Texas Instruments MSP430: 300 ksps 12 bit ADC, 35 ksps 12 bit DAC | ||
* $8.10 Atmel ATxmega128A1: sixteen 2 Msps 12-bit ADC, four 1 Msps 12-bit DAC (alas, not available in DIP package)(is this available yet?) | * $8.10 Atmel ATxmega128A1: sixteen 2 Msps 12-bit ADC, four 1 Msps 12-bit DAC (alas, not available in DIP package)(is this available yet?) | ||
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''I am astonished to discover that (a few) microcontrollers include 12 bit or more ADCs. Are there others? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 18:48, 28 August 2007 (PDT)'' | ''I am astonished to discover that (a few) microcontrollers include 12 bit or more ADCs. Are there others? --[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 18:48, 28 August 2007 (PDT)'' | ||
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== Digital Potentiometers == | == Digital Potentiometers == | ||
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* [http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SPIDigitalPot Controlling a Digital Potentiometer Using SPI] | * [http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/SPIDigitalPot Controlling a Digital Potentiometer Using SPI] | ||
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== Drivers == | == Drivers == | ||
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Parts include: | Parts include: | ||
− | === Others | + | === Others === |
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+ | == Microcontrollers == | ||
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+ | See [[microcontroller]] for details. | ||
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+ | == [[op_amp|Op Amps]] == | ||
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+ | Op amps and instrumentation amps. | ||
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+ | An operational amplifier is one of the most useful of linear ( not digital ) circuits. It is normally a fairly low power device ( 15 volts 10 ma or less ) that can amplify, clip, offset.... [[op amp]]s: great for amplifying weak signals from [[sensors]] to a more useful level. Also used in filters, integrators, etc. Very high gain differential amplifiers. Feedback through a resistor network is used to adjust final gain. Resistors and capacitors can be placed in the feedback path to create complex circuits such as filters. Often use it with a micro controller to “condition” signals from sensors prior to digitizing them. For example a temperature sensor may deliver 0 to 1 volt, where we want 0 to 5 volts for the PIC. The solution: a quick little op amp amplifier with a gain of 5. | ||
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+ | Uses | ||
+ | *Amplifiers | ||
+ | *Filters | ||
+ | *Oscillator | ||
+ | *Clippers | ||
+ | *and on and on | ||
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+ | See our main discussion at: [[op amp]] | ||
== LM35 Temperature Sensor == | == LM35 Temperature Sensor == | ||
+ | Perhaps should be at sensors? | ||
− | + | == logic gates == | |
− | + | Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. Any digital circuit including microprocessors can be built out of the NOT function plus AND or OR. | |
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− | Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits. Any digital circuit including microprocessors can be built out of the NOT function plus AND or OR. | ||
Common forms found in discrete gates: | Common forms found in discrete gates: | ||
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There are hundreds of other specialized logic gates. Here we only list the ones we actually use in some Open Circuit [[Projects|Project]]: | There are hundreds of other specialized logic gates. Here we only list the ones we actually use in some Open Circuit [[Projects|Project]]: | ||
− | * 74HC595 eight bit shift register with output latch (used for [[POV display]]) | + | * 74HC595 eight bit shift register with output latch (used for [[POV display]]) |
* Low pin count( 8 - 12 ) microcontrollers are great for logic gate replacement when high speed is not required. Athough slower, slightly more expensive, and needing to be programmed they are great for prototyping due to the extra flexibility that comes from not needing to stock lots of gate variations. | * Low pin count( 8 - 12 ) microcontrollers are great for logic gate replacement when high speed is not required. Athough slower, slightly more expensive, and needing to be programmed they are great for prototyping due to the extra flexibility that comes from not needing to stock lots of gate variations. | ||
* FPGAs are flexible ICs contain a very large number of gates( thousands to millions ) that can be arbitrarily connected together through programming in VHDL. Only available in surface mount large pin counts. Many people prototype processor designs with these devices ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_processor Wikipedia: soft microprocessor]). | * FPGAs are flexible ICs contain a very large number of gates( thousands to millions ) that can be arbitrarily connected together through programming in VHDL. Only available in surface mount large pin counts. Many people prototype processor designs with these devices ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_processor Wikipedia: soft microprocessor]). | ||
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== RF ICs/Modules == | == RF ICs/Modules == | ||
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RF modules allow transmission and reception of digital signals over radio. The two most common types are AM and FM( FSK ). The three major frequency bands used by unlicensed devices are 433MHz, 900MHz, and 2.4GHz. 433MHz has very limited uses by the FCC and is mostly used by garage door openers and wireless key entry systems. Many newer devices are moving to 2.4GHz due to the greater amount of room, althrough 2.4GHz is harder to use and has less range then the same power 900MHz system. | RF modules allow transmission and reception of digital signals over radio. The two most common types are AM and FM( FSK ). The three major frequency bands used by unlicensed devices are 433MHz, 900MHz, and 2.4GHz. 433MHz has very limited uses by the FCC and is mostly used by garage door openers and wireless key entry systems. Many newer devices are moving to 2.4GHz due to the greater amount of room, althrough 2.4GHz is harder to use and has less range then the same power 900MHz system. | ||
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== Voltage Regulators == | == Voltage Regulators == | ||
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{| | {| | ||
! colspan="2" align="left"| Linear Regulators | ! colspan="2" align="left"| Linear Regulators | ||
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− | See | + | See [[switching regulator]]. |
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− | + | == 555 Tiimer == |