http://www.opencircuits.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=89.73.64.149&feedformat=atomOpenCircuits - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T11:03:55ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Oscilloscope&diff=21549Oscilloscope2011-06-30T16:13:21Z<p>89.73.64.149: /* Open Hardware for PC Oscilloscopes */</p>
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<div>An '''oscilloscope''' (often abbreviated '''o'scope''' or '''scope''') displays signal voltages as a 2-D graph, usually as voltage (vertical axis) as a function of time (horizontal axis). <br />
<br />
The o'scope is one of [[Test Equipment and Other Equipment | the most important pieces of test equipment]] because it lets you look at what is happening in different parts of a circuit. Without it you are almost blind ( multimeters and logic analyzers can also help you "see" ).<br />
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The ''probe'' of a o'scope is held against, or is clipped to, the metal wire carrying the signal of interest.<br />
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A '''dual-trace''' o'scope has 2 probes, so 2 different signals can be seen -- so not only the shape of the signal can be seen, but also the exact time from events on one signal to events on the other signal.<br />
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= Techniques =<br />
<br />
Sometimes one wants to look at a 8-bit data bus -- typically one uses a "logic analyzer" to look at lots of time-aligned digital signals.<br />
For a given number of signals to look at, oscilloscopes (which show the true analog waveform) are much more expensive than logic analyzers (which only show if a digital waveform is hi or low, above or below the logic threshold).<br />
Many people buy both a (dual-trace) o'scope and a 16-trace logic analyzer, which together have a total cost less than one true 8-trace o'scope.<br />
<br />
''... more techniques ...''<br />
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<br />
= Open Source Oscilloscopes =<br />
<br />
Of course, you have to already have a working o'scope in order to build and test another o'scope, making this the same sort of chicken-and-egg problem as the [[Projects#RepRap | RepRap]] project, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection GCC project], and other projects David Cary finds interesting.<br />
<br />
=PC Oscilloscopes=<br />
<br />
==Open Hardware for PC Oscilloscopes==<br />
===Bitscope===<br />
* $575 BS100U: 2 analog inputs + 8 digital inputs, optically isolated, from BitScope Designs (MetaChip Pty. Ltd.) [http://bitscope.com/]; [http://www.endolith.com/wordpress/2008/06/17/bitscope/ review by Endolith]<br />
* $695 BS325U: 2 analog inputs + 8 digital inputs, optically isolated, from BitScope Designs (MetaChip Pty. Ltd.) [http://bitscope.com/]<br />
* $1595 BS442: 4 analog inputs + 8 digital inputs, ethernet connection, from BitScope Designs (MetaChip Pty. Ltd.) [http://bitscope.com/]<br />
* $475 BS50U: 1 BNC analog input + POD (2 analog or 8 digital inputs), usb powered, from BitScope Designs (MetaChip Pty. Ltd.) [http://bitscope.com/]<br />
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===MultiAnalyser===<br />
Some people on the PIClist have been discussing designing an open-source oscilloscope.<br />
<br />
* I think initial discussions occured on the [http://www.piclist.com/techref/postbot.asp?by=thread&id=%5BEE%5D+scope+project+anyone%3F&tgt=browse "[EE] scope project anyone?"] thread [http://www.piclist.com/techref/postbot.asp?by=time&id=piclist\2004\09\17\111014a.txt] at PIClist.<br />
* Later discussion moved to the [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MultiAnalyser/ "MultiAnalyser" group at Yahoo]<br />
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<br />
[[File:Example.jpg]]<br />
<br />
=== XMEGA Xmegalab Development Kit and Oscilloscope ===<br />
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* $249 The Xmegalab is a development board for AVR XMEGA microcontrollers, a dual channel oscilloscope, an arbitrary waveform generator and a scientific calculator. [http://www.gabotronics.com/development-boards/avr-xmegalab.htm Xmegalab]. Alpha version of the firmware (mostly in C) has been released under the GPL. Serial port; SD Card with FAT File System support, etc.<br />
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=== Xprotolab - Miniature Oscilloscope and Waveform Generator ===<br />
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* $35 The Xprotolab is a small mixed signal oscilloscope in a DIP module, designed to be used on a breadboard. It also has an arbitrary waveform generator. [http://www.gabotronics.com/development-boards/xmega-xprotolab.htm Xprotolab].<br />
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=== Miniscope v2b ===<br />
<br />
Simple AT91SAM7S64 based signal acquisition device with low sampling speed (500 kSps internal ADC) but large sample buffer sizes (up to 512 kSamples) and continuous signal recording capability. [http://tomeko.net/miniscope_v2b/index.php?lang=en Miniscope v2b].<br />
<br />
==Closed, COTS Hardware for PC Oscilloscopes==<br />
* For low frequencies, pretty much any external sound card with a line input will work. External card line inputs generally have a range around 0-1 V whereas onboard microphone inputs only have up to about 50 mV, which just isn't enough sensitivity. The [http://vtluug.org/wiki/Lab-in-a-Box Virginia Tech Lab-in-a-Box] recommends the Behringer UCA202. To use a sound card oscilloscope on a regular basis, a circuit with variable attenuation is recommended (i.e. 1x and 10x). Compensation for the hardware and software gain can be done as part of the attenuator circuit or in software.<br />
<br />
==PC Oscilloscope Software==<br />
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===Free Software===<br />
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/welecw2000a/ SourceForge welecw2000a] Open Source reimplementation of the 1 GS/s Welec W2000 Series DSO under GPL.<br />
<br />
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/xoscope/ Sourceforge: xoscope] is a digital oscilloscope for Linux that uses input from a sound card or EsounD and/or a ProbeScope/osziFOX and will soon support Bitscope hardware. The sound card device is hard-coded but instructions for modifying it are on the [http://vtluug.org/wiki/Lab-in-a-Box#Software VTLUUG wiki].<br />
<br />
* [http://www.baudline.com/source_code.html Baudline GPL version] is a signal analyzer designed for scientific visualization, using input from recorded data files or from a sound card. For Linux / Solaris. The source code is expensive and it is intended for qualified corporate or institutional buyers.<br />
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* [http://tomeko.net/miniscope_v3/ Miniscope v3] is a digital oscilloscope for Windows. It connects to device using external dll. Available libraries to connect with sound card, Microchip MCHPUSB Generic HID Demo and custom AT91SAM7S64 hardware.<br />
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* [http://dsoda.sf.net Digital Soda] is a simple GTK+ frontend for the DSO-2250 USB oscilloscope for Unix/Linux.<br />
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* [http://gitorious.org/osqoop Osqoop] is an open source software oscilloscope. Osqoop project features an arbitrary number of channels and long acquisition durations. Signal processing and external peripherals control is possible through a plugin architecture.<br />
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* [http://www.embeddedravi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=4#p27: oscilloscope] pic microcontroller demo oscilloscope PC based oscilloscope embedded system parallel port LPT.<br />
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* [http://code.google.com/p/arduinoscope ArduinoScope] Oscilloscope based on Arduino hardware platform and Processing library. Please look at [http://www.semageek.com/fabriquez-un-oscilloscope-pour-pc-avec-un-kit-arduino/ this article(sorry it's in french)]<br />
<br />
===Non-Free Software===<br />
*[http://www.virtins.com "Multi-Instrument"]converts a PC into multiple test & measurement instruments such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, signal generator, spectrogram, distortion analyzer, network analyzer, data logger, LCR meter, vibrometer, etc. Besides sound cards, it supports many other ADC/DAC cards. Free Trial with full functionality for 21 days.<br />
* [http://www.baudline.com/what_is_baudline.html Baudline gratis download] (dual licensed, see Free Software entry).<br />
* [http://www.zelscope.com/ Zelscope] Converts your PC into a dual-trace storage oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. It uses your computer's sound card as analog-to-digital converter. Windows trialware.<br />
* [http://www.bitscope.com/software/dso/ BitScope DSO] is a digital oscilloscope logic analyzer for Linux and Windows. It works with BitScope hardware and is distributed as freeware.<br />
* [http://www.zeitnitz.de/Christian/scope_en Zeitnitz Souncard Scope] and function generator. For Windows but runs under Wine.<br />
<br />
=Non-PC Oscilloscope Projects=<br />
* [http://www.circuitcellar.com/archives/viewable/Zhang205/index.html "Handheld Multifunction Scope"] by Jingxi Zhang & Yang Zhang, 2007. "dual-channel oscilloscope supports 250 ksps for each channel". ... also: ohmmeter, capacitance meter, and inductance meter ... pulse generator ... small speaker and OLED output. All functions work stand-alone with OLED display, but it can also be to a host PC with the USB port to display waveforms on the PC display.<br />
* [http://www.dansworkshop.com/electricity-and-electronics/homebuilt-oscilloscope.htm Dan's Workshop: Notes on converting that old compact tv set or computer monitor into an oscilloscope.]<br />
* [http://www.intio.or.jp/jf10zl/tvosc.htm "TV Oscilloscope Adaptor"] "This ... adapter ... changes a TV to a Oscilloscope."<br />
* Some people are discussing the possibility of somehow converting the (open-source) [[uWatch]] into a o'scope: [http://www.calcwatch.com/forum/viewtopic.php?id=139 WBL: watch based laboratory]<br />
* [http://forums.parallax.com/showthread.php?130582-Poor-Man-s-Digital-Oscilloscope-%28now-with-VGA-option-and-screen-capture-to-SD%29 Poor Man's Digital Oscilloscope]<br />
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=Uncategorized=<br />
* K3PTO http://www.qsl.net/k3pto/ 8 bit<br />
* [http://massmind.org/techref/scenix/sxoscope/index.htm Massmind: "SX based O’Scope"] by Alberto Geraci of BTX Sistemas<br />
* [http://www.semifluid.com/?p=9 "PIC12F675 Oscilloscope"]<br />
* [http://zedomax.com/blog/2006/12/28/diy-hack-make-your-own-oscilloscope/ "DIY HACK - Make your own Oscilloscope"]<br />
* [http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lakes/7156/articl3.htm "Solid State Oscilloscope"] by George Katz 1987 -- an extremely simple and small circuit that drives a 10 x 10 LED array. (Would it make sense to adapt the [[PointLess LED Array]] to be more like this?)<br />
* [http://www.dos4ever.com/uscope/uscope_e.html "The µSCOPE: A poorman's oscilloscope"] by Ronald Dekker. An extremely small and low-cost circuit based on the 8 pin Microchip PIC12f675; displays "signals up to a few kHz" on a PAL TV screen. "isochronous code".<br />
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Epanorama has many links related to o'scopes and o'scope accessories [http://www.epanorama.net/links/measuring.html#oscilloscope].<br />
<br />
=Oscilloscope Design Discussions=<br />
*[http://www.edaboard.com/ftopic41841-30.html Digital oscilloscope Project] edaboard.com<br />
* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/tools.htm#digital_scope Massmind: Digital Oscilloscopes]<br />
<br />
== some low-cost oscilloscopes ==<br />
<br />
some low-cost oscilloscopes, in no particular order.<br />
''... it would be nice to mention sampling rate, # of analog input channels, # of digital input channels, whether it can be used under Linux, does it have output channels ... price should (?) include 2 analog probes, ... is it open hardware? ... anything else?''<br />
<br />
* price name comments<br />
* $50 JYETECH Oscilloscope and frequency counter, 1 input, 1MHz analog bandwidth, LCD screen, serial port screen capture [http://www.jyetech.com/Products/LcdScope/eDSO062.html] available here: [http://www.dpcav.com/xcart/product.php?productid=16330&cat=0&page=1&featured]<br />
* $50 Usbscope.eu, low cost 2 channel (4 channels available soon), 40 kHz sample rate, 10 bit, 200 samples/channel. [http://www.usbscope.eu]<br />
* $150 (?) VELLEMAN HPS10 Hand Held Oscilloscope 10MHz sampling rate, LCD: 128x64 pixels [http://www.kitsusa.net/phpstore/html/VELLEMAN-HPS10-Hand-Held-Oscilloscope-989.html]<br />
* $349.95 VT DSO-2815H,1x150MHz or 2x75MHz,sophisticated trigger functions, a wide range of gain selection, 1kHz squarewave output, with a Multi-Instrument Standard software license, which converts a PC into oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, multimeter, signal generator, data logger...it also supports sound card (both MME driver and ASIO driver), NI DAQmx cards, etc. [http://www.multi-instrument.com/] The software can be downloaded for 21-day fully functional trial with at least sound card at [http://www.multi-instrument.com/MIsetup.zip]<br />
* $299.95 VT DSO-2810H,1x100MHz or 2x50MHz,sophisticated trigger functions, a wide range of gain selection, 1kHz squarewave output, with a Multi-Instrument Standard software license, which converts a PC into oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, multimeter, signal generator, data logger...it also supports sound card (both MME driver and ASIO driver), NI DAQmx cards, etc. [http://www.multi-instrument.com/] The software can be downloaded for 21-day fully functional trial with at least sound card at [http://www.multi-instrument.com/MIsetup.zip]<br />
* $250 VT DSO-2810F,2x100MHz, with a Multi-Instrument Standard software license, which converts a PC into oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, multimeter, signal generator, data logger...it also supports sound card (both MME driver and ASIO driver), NI DAQmx cards, etc. [http://www.multi-instrument.com/] The software can be downloaded for 21-day fully functional trial with at least sound card at [http://www.multi-instrument.com/MIsetup.zip]<br />
* $89 Poscope Basic2 from PoLabs [http://poscope.com/ PoLabs], 2 analog channels, 16/8 digital channels, PC USB oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, chart recorder, pattern generator, logic analyzer, PWM/ square generator<br />
* $139 Poscope Mega1 from PoLabs [http://poscope.com/ PoLabs], 2 analog channels, 16/8 digital channels, PC USB oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, chart recorder, pattern generator, logic analyzer, PWM/ square generator<br />
* $206/$328 PicoScope 2104 and 2105, 1 channel handheld oscilloscopes from [http://picotech.com/ Pico Technology] [http://www.picotech.com/handheld-scope.html]<br />
* $262/$371/$387 PicoScope 2200 range from [http://picotech.com/ Pico Technology], 2 channels, 1 output [http://www.picotech.com/ultracompact-oscilloscopes.html]<br />
* $667/$1002/$1332 PicoScope 3200 range from [http://picotech.com/ Pico Technology], 2 channels, 1 output [http://www.picotech.com/computer-oscilloscope.html][http://www.interwld.com/pico/pico-3000.htm ][http://www.pc-oscilloscopes.com/3000.htm]<br />
* $823 PicoScope 4224 from Pico Technology: 2x80 MS/s, 12 bit, 20Mhz BW, 2 input channels, includes 2 X1/X10 probes, USB cable, and carrying case. USB powered. [http://www.picotech.com/precision-oscilloscopes.html][http://www.interworldna.com/pico/4000_precision_oscilloscope.php]<br />
* $200 Hantek DSO-2090 USB PC Oscilloscope [http://www.beigly.com/catalog/hantek-dso2090-oscilloscope-p-96.html]<br />
* $380.00 DSO2250 100MHz PC-SCOPE 250MS/s [http://world-educational-services.net/cart/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=56&products_id=134&zenid=68c155f8ccc626c8d316e8417b32dc5d]<br />
* (about US$400.00) GAO2250 100MHz 250MS/s USB PC Oscilloscope, Gaotek Inc. A Canadian source for the DSO-2250. 2 input channels plus trigger. Provision for ground and calibration. Windows only, AFAIK, no Linux. Gao's latest website doesn't quote a price, but when I got mine it came to about CAN$500, including US conversion and Canadian taxes. [http://www.gaotek.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=144_31&products_id=846]<br />
* CAN 219.99 Syscomp Electronic Design DSO-101 [http://syscompdesign.com/] (Syscomp supports the "[https://sourceforge.net/projects/oip The Open Instrumentation Project]" [http://syscompdesign.com/oip.htm])<br />
* EUR 427 ETC s.r.o. M520 Oscilloscope [http://etcsk.com/]<br />
* $222 ANT8 : 8 Channel Logic Analyzer (EasySync)[http://easysync-ltd.com/]<br />
* $200 PS40M10 : Swordfish Hand-Held Instrument (1 channel) USB (EasySync)<br />
* $220 DS1M12 : Stingray Multi-Function Instrument (2 channel) USB (EasySync)<br />
* under $600 : [[Jameco]] has some actual stand-alone oscilloscopes for under $600. So does www.tequipment.com - see Rigol 'scopes from China - good quality - also on eBay.<br />
* under $200 : Carl's Electronics has some stand-alone and PC-hosted (parallel port?) oscilloscopes for under $200.[http://www.electronickits.com/gold/gold.htm]<br />
* $170 HobbyLab USB oscilloscope [http://hobbylab.us/USBOscilloscope/Home.htm]<br />
* $500 DS1022C : 2 Channel, 25 MHz Rigol Technologies Inc.[http://rigolna.com/]<br />
* $999 CS320A Cleverscope [http://cleverscope.com/] (has a discussion forum[http://cleverscope.com/forum/])<br />
* $167 DrDAQ "data logger" (parallel port) from Pico Technology [http://www.drdaq.com/]<br />
* $970 NI USB-5132 : USB digitizer from National Instruments [http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/203719]<br />
* $139 Parallax USB Oscilloscope 2 analog inputs + trigger; 1 MS/s [http://parallax.com/Store/Microcontrollers/BASICStampModules/tabid/134/txtSearch/28014/List/1/ProductID/46/Default.aspx?SortField=ProductName%2cProductName]<br />
* $170 PC USB Oscilloscope DiSco (HobbyLab, LLC). 2 analog inputs ( 200 KHz ) + 16 digital inputs (or 8 digital inputs + 8 digital outputs). [http://hobbylab.us/]<br />
* $150 ST16B 10 MHz stand-alone oscilloscope, 2 analog inputs [http://www.electronickits.com/gold/gold.htm]<br />
* $190 VEPCS100 ( PCS100 ) - PC Based Oscilloscope; 1 analog input ( 12 MHz ); optically isolated from PC [http://www.electronickits.com/gold/gold.htm]<br />
* $950 DSO-8502 USB Oscilloscope, 2 analog inputs (250MSa/s) + external trigger; 1 digital output (trigger out); buffer: 512K points/ch.[http://www.linkinstruments.com/oscilloscope85.htm]<br />
* $799 DSO-8202 USB Oscilloscope, 2 analog inputs (200MSa/s) + external trigger; 1 digital output (trigger out); buffer: 128K points/ch.[http://www.linkinstruments.com/oscilloscope85.htm]<br />
* $108 LabJack U3 USB data acquisition and control device, 16 analog inputs ( 12 bit, 2.5 KSa/s at 12 bit resolution, 50 KSa/s at 8 bit resolution), buffer: 984 samples, 2 analog outputs, digital outputs [http://www.labjack.com/labjack_u3.php]<br />
* $249 S2X100 USB Oscillloscope, 2 analog inputs (100Ms/s) with 8 bit resolution, buffer: 64K samples [http://www.dynoninstruments.com/products_s2x100.php?gclid=CNzyz_625pgCFQIyxwodgwSvMA]<br />
* $495 ELAB-080 [http://www.dynoninstruments.com/products_elab080.php]<br />
* $745 USBee AX-Plus, 2 analog inputs (Max 16 MS/s ?) and 8 digital inputs [http://www.usbee.com/ax.html]<br />
* $90 DSO nano, 1 analog input (1 Ms/s) with 12 bit resolution; buffer: 4096 Point; waveform storage on SD card [http://www.seeedstudio.com/depot/micro-digital-storage-oscilloscopedso-nano-p-512.html]; [http://www.justblair.co.uk/seeed-studio-dso-nano-pocket-digital-storage-oscilloscope-review.html review by Justblair]<br />
* $249 MSO-19, 1 ch. 2GSa/s oscilloscope, 8 ch. 200MSa/s logic analyzer, 100MSa/s pattern generator and a TDR. [http://www.linkinstruments.com/mso19.htm MSO-19]<br />
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<br />
''FIXME: [http://measurementcomputing.com/cbicatalog/directory.asp?dept_id=403 Measurement Computing] has some wireless and USB analog DAQ instruments -- add to the above list.''<br />
<br />
''FIXME: [http://www.dataq.com/ DATAQ Instruments, Inc.] has some USB and Ethernet analog DAQ instruments -- add to the above list.''<br />
<br />
''FIXME: [http://www.designnotes.com/ DesignNotes.com, Inc.] has some USB and handheld LCD o'scopes from [http://www.velleman.be/ Velleman]: [http://www.vellemanusa.com/us/enu/product/list/?id=347914 Velleman oscilloscopes] -- add to the above list.''<br />
<br />
''FIXME: [http://www.linkinstruments.com/oscilloscope.htm Link Instruments Inc.] has several USB o'scopes and "USB MSO" ("mixed signal o'scope"). Are they already listed above?''<br />
<br />
EasySync[http://easysync-ltd.com/] is a distributor of RockyLogic's ANT8/etc products.<br />
<br />
Test Equipment Solutions Today, Inc.[http://testsolu.com/] is a distributor of Rigol's DVM and oscilloscope products.<br />
<br />
When you [http://search.ebay.com/search/search.dll?satitle=oscilloscope search eBay for oscilloscope], you might find some good deals.<br />
<br />
= Further Reading =<br />
<br />
* other [[hardware tool | good equipment to buy when getting started]]<br />
<br />
= External Links =<br />
<br />
* [http://www.embedded.com/columns/breakpoint/160902529?printable=true "Scoping out palm-sized USB oscilloscopes"] by Jack Ganssle 2005, Embedded Systems Design. A review of 3 USB oscilloscopes -- reader comments at the end mention a few more USB o'scopes. ''(FIXME: make sure all the scopes mentioned are included on the above list)''<br />
* Keith has made a list of [http://www.techtravels.org/amiga/amigablog/?p=167 "PC USB logic analyzers that cost under $1000."][http://www.techtravels.org/tech/logicanalyzer.html], some of which can be used as an o'scope. ''Should I use the same $1000 price cut-off for the above list? Or perhaps double or halve it?''<br />
* The David at "davr.org" has made a list of [http://blog.davr.org/2010/03/16/comparison-of-logic-analyzers/ "PC-based Logic Analyzers under $500"]<br />
* [http://chiphacker.com/questions/2036/beginners-logic-analyzer "low cost or DIY buildable logic analyzer"] discussion at chiphacker.<br />
* [http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/1454/opinions-on-an-oscilloscope-suitable-for-hobby-electronics-on-a-budget "Opinions on an oscilloscope suitable for hobby electronics on a budget"] discussion at Electronics StackExchange (formerly chiphacker)<br />
* [http://www.afrotechmods.com/groovy/oscilloscope_tutorial/oscilloscope_tutorial.htm "Oscilloscope Tutorial"] videos at Afrotech<br />
* Brooke Clarke has posted a list of [http://prc68.com/I/PCO.html "PC based Oscilloscopes"]<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope Wikipedia: oscilloscope]<br />
* Other discussions of [http://forums.reprap.org/read.php?13,5086 "Cheap digital storage oscilloscope"]<br />
* [http://www.ganssle.com/microscopes.htm The Ganssle Group reviews Inexpensive USB Scopes and Logic Analyzers]<br />
* [http://massmind.org/techref/tools.htm Massmind: Tools] lists a few sources for a variety of tools used in electronics: o'scopes, logic analyzers, meters, waveform generators, etc.<br />
* [http://ask.slashdot.org/askslashdot/04/02/28/0041233.shtml Slashdot: "Cheap PC Oscilloscopes - Any Recommendations?"]<br />
* [http://slashdot.org/askslashdot/01/12/07/191220.shtml Slashdot: "Building a Cheap Oscilloscope Using Your PC?"]<br />
* [http://www.gabotronics.com/resources/hobbyists-oscilloscopes.htm "Digital oscilloscopes for hobbyists comparison"]<br />
* [http://www.epanorama.net/links/measuring.html#pcmeasuring ePanorama.net: "Using PC as a measurement instrument"] ''(FIXME: anything we should add to the above list?)''<br />
* [http://www.teradyne.com/corp/grhs/products_oscilloscopes.html General Radio Scopes] A bit of history.<br />
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[[Category:Techniques]][[Category:Test Equipment]]</div>89.73.64.149