http://www.opencircuits.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=211.38.131.22&feedformat=atomOpenCircuits - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T02:34:15ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Op_amp&diff=12911Op amp2008-01-09T22:52:11Z<p>211.38.131.22: </p>
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breeds of cats] [http://summerpica.ifrance.com/free-gun-catalogs.html free gun magazine and catalog] An op amp ("operational amplifier") is ...<br />
<br />
Great for amplifying weak signals from sensors to a more useful level. Also used in filters, integrators, etc.<br />
<br />
== quick summary ==<br />
<br />
* Many sensors need an amplifier to "buffer" their output signal. Often a single op amp is adequate. For very weak signals, you may want a "difference amplifier" or "instrumentation amplifier".<br />
* All ADCs need an anti-aliasing filter on their input. Often a single op amp, 2 caps and 4 resistors is adequate.<br />
* If you want to hear a signal, use a LM386N-3 (under $1) to amplify it enough to drive a small speaker.<br />
* If you want to drive heavy loads (big speakers, big antennas, electric motors, etc.), too heavy for typical op amps to drive, use op amps to amplify the signal to the desired voltage, followed by power transistors to drive the load [Veselinovic].<br />
<br />
== details ==<br />
<br />
[[Suppliers]] such as Jameco, Digikey, and Newark each have pages and pages of fine print listing hundreds of op-amps, from "low-cost" quad op amps for under $0.40 each to "hi speed precision" op amps for well over $10 each.<br />
That doesn't include more complex devices (such as [[Integrated Circuits|voltage regulator]]s and RS-485 transcievers ) that combine op amps and other components on a single IC.<br />
Each one of those op amps has a data sheet several pages long packed with lots of details, which you can freely download from the [[manufacturers|manufacturer]]'s web site.<br />
<br />
"But in reality, there are only two important specifications that you should initially consider when selecting an op amp for your active, low-pass filter. ... Gain Bandwidth Product and Slew Rate." [Baker 2003]<br />
<br />
=== designing the circuit around the op amp ===<br />
<br />
* [http://david.carybros.com/html/schematic.html#op_amp_design Daisy's theorem: standard op-amp design]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/738 "APPLICATION NOTE 738: Minimizing Component-Variation Sensitivity in Single Op Amp Filters"]<br />
<br />
=== selecting the appropriate op amp out of the hundreds (thousands?) available ===<br />
<br />
* [http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/adn003.pdf "Select the Right Operational Amplifier for your Filtering Circuits"] by Bonnie Baker 2003<br />
<br />
* [http://www.edn.com/archives/1995/052595/11dfcov.htm "Choosing an op amp: it's no longer a trying task"] by Bill Schweber 1995<br />
<br />
* [http://www.epanorama.net/links/components.html Basic electronics components list] lists 10 of the most common op-amps.<br />
<br />
* [http://zero-distortion.com/tests/tweaking.htm "Tweaking" by Dejan V. Veselinovic]<br />
<br />
* [http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?ar<br />
1000<br />
ticleID=175400254 "How to choose the right bipolar op amp"] by J. Scott Elder 2005-12-23<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[Category:components]]</div>211.38.131.22http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Supplier&diff=12909Supplier2008-01-09T21:27:35Z<p>211.38.131.22: vielelca</p>
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Even if you can find the perfect part, sometimes you can't find anyone who is willing to sell you one. Here is some information on [[components|component]] suppliers.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Giant Catalogs ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Digikey-Logo.gif|150px|Digikey]] [[Digikey]]<br />
[[Image:Mouser-Logo.png|150px|Mouser]] [[Mouser]]<br />
[[Image:Farnell_logo.gif|150px|Farnell]] [[Farnell]] <br />
<br />
These guys have huge catalogs and an immense selection of parts, yet are still willing to sell things in onseies-and-twosies to hobbyists who can't claim to be prototyping something that'll sell a million units next year. Digi-Key actually got its start in the ham radio market, selling digital keyers.<br />
<br />
I ([[Wiml]]) find that Digi-Key is the place to go for digital stuff, microcontrollers, and the like. For discretes and analog parts, Mouser is usually cheaper and has a better selection. Neither company has a minimum order, but of course they do have shipping and handling fees which make small orders impractical.<br />
<br />
I, myself (who?) appear to have found that [[Jameco]] is good for small quantities of a fairly common part. They don't have anything surface mount, though. For that stuff, I had to go to Digi-Key. I called up Digi-Key to see if I could alter an order I had just placed before it got fulfilled. My order was already far enough along that they couldn't stop it. I believe the phrase was "too far gone". That speaks well of their order fulfillment process. I hear Mouser should be in there too, but I've never had a compelling reason to use them.<br />
<br />
== Mid-size Suppliers ==<br />
<br />
http://www.alliedelec.com/Images/logo_allied.png<br />
[http://www.alliedelec.com/ Allied Electronics]<br />
Honestly I'm not sure if this is a mid-size or large distributor (how are we to tell, anyway?) Allied tends to deal more with "heavy duty" electrical parts (wiring, relays, electromechanical, etc. . .) rather than electronics. However, I've noticed that they do have some suppliers that Mouser/DigiKey don't have in terms of electronics components.<br />
<br />
http://www.newark.com/images/en_US/logo_nio.gif<br />
[http://newark.com/ Newark]<br />
My most recent "Newark in one" catalog is even thicker than my most recent Digikey catalog. ''(The "in one" motto and the swirly logo look identical to the Farnell logo. Is there some kind of connection?)''<br />
<br />
Newark usually has just about every odd semiconductor you might need in stock. Their shipping tends to be rather expensive, however (be prepared, as they won't give you a shipping quote until after you order, just like every other distributor), and they seem to really not like small orders, in my experience.<br />
<br />
Newark InOne, Farnell InOne, and MCM InOne are all electronics distributors owned by the InOne Company.<br />
<br />
http://www.jameco.com/wcsstore/Jameco/images/jamecoLogo.gif<br />
[http://jameco.com/ Jameco]<br />
[[Jameco]]'s catalogs have been getting fatter recently and their prices are good for common parts. Their Jameco ValueBrand parts are often much cheaper than the competition. (I have yet to notice the difference, personally -mdwebster) Jameco tends to focus on generic and older parts, where the giant supplier tend to focus on newer brand name parts. Jameco has a decent selection of cheap tools.<br />
<br />
Radio Shack is OK if you need a common part NOW, but expect to pay probably 10 times the mail order price. In the past couple of years (2005-2006), I've noticed many Radio Shacks have ceased carrying ANY electronics parts. You're most likely to find solder, wire, switches, led's, and project boxes. The selection of transistors or IC's are poor to nonexistent.<br />
If you have a Fry's in your area, they have a much better selection, but their component prices are not much better then RS. Unless you need a part immediately, you'll be much better off getting it mail order. <br />
<br />
Pricewatch is good for locating certain computer gear at its version of the best price. Froogle is sort of the same thing, but without the seedy side filtered out.<br />
<br />
== Smaller and niche suppliers ==<br />
[[Action Electronics]] (http://www.action-electronics.com/) Good place for soldering suppies, hand tools, small components.<br />
<br />
[[All Electronics]] (http://www.allelectronics.com) Corp. needs to even out their stuff a bit. Either specialize in a few types of parts or be more even across the board. Spark Fun Electronics appears to be trying to do it right. It is still weird that I can't just order a bunch of 0603 resistors from them. Seems like a no-brainer.<br />
<br />
[[Alltronics]] (http://www.alltronics.com/) is similar to All Electronics in what they carry. Fairly sure they're different companies with annoyingly similar names.<br />
<br />
[[American Science and Surplus]] (http://www.sciplus.com/) has a little bit of everything. Rubber spiders, speakers, prisms, lab equipment, electromechanical timers, Slinkies, motors, switches, fake vomit, glow-in-the-dark pencils, radio-controlled toy rats... Good selection of fans and motors, and an oddball attitude to boot. If you're near Chicago, their retail store is even weirder.<br />
<br />
American Science &amp; Surplus<br />
[http://www.sciplus.com/recommend.cfm?recommendid=11013&jump=index%2Ecfm%3Fstart%3D1 seems to have good prices on breadboards].<br />
<br />
[[Electronics Goldmine]] (http://www.goldmine-elec.com/) is another surplus warehouse. Don't expect to find any particular part, but they have good prices on what they do carry.<br />
<br />
[[Futurlec.com]] (http://www.futurlec.com) I've been very happy with Futurlec. Their prices are outstanding, especially on value packs. Their customer service isn't stellar, but in the end they've always resolved any problems that I've had. They ship from Australia/Thailand, but their shipping prices are reasonable & the shipping is quick enough.<br />
<br />
[[Logical Systems]] (http://www.logicalsys.com/) IC Programming addapters. Surface Mount to DIP, many more than I thought there were.<br />
<br />
[[microcontrollershop.com]] (http://microcontrollershop.com) - Large selection of development boards, programmers, debuggers for microcontroller projects. All major architectures ARM, 8051, PIC, Atmel AVR, TI MSP430, Freescale HC08, HC12, etc.<br />
<br />
[[MPJA.com]] (http://www.mpja.com) - prototyping tools, components. Not a huge selection, but prices are low. If you order something that comes with an instruction sheet that was translated into English, the directions may be hard to decipher due to poor translation, possibly from Chinese. They ship from Florida.<br />
<br />
[[Surplus Sales]] (http://www.surplussales.com/) more exotic surplus parts.<br />
<br />
[[Surplus Shed]] (http://www.surplusshed.com/) carries a some electronics and lots of optics. (Prisms, microscopes, etc)<br />
<br />
[[Adafruit Industries]] (http://www.adafruit.com/) DIY kits and AVR programmers. Their open source AVR programmer usbtinyusb is especially recommended. Ok service and shipping.<br />
<br />
[[Fastcomponents]] (http://www.fastcomponents.co.uk/) They only have packs, but the packs are good value.<br />
<br />
[[Sparkfun]] (http://www.sparkfun.com) Specializes in microcontrollers and robotics. They also have nice AVR tutorials.<br />
<br />
[[TVI Electronics]] (http://www.tvielectronics.com) Manufacturer of intelligent LCD controllers for Optrex F-51320, F-51553, F-51852 and F-51854 displays, worldwide supplier of touch screens and touchscreen controllers.<br />
<br />
== PCB manufacturers ==<br />
<br />
For companies that supply a PCB customized to your design, see [[PCB Manufacturers]].<br />
<br />
== Comments ==<br />
<br />
I want to see some competition in the micro dev/app board market. I just paid approximately 34.95 + its share of the shipping for a 32 bit ARM microcontroller on a PCB and with a USB device port on one end and a series of header sockets on the other. If that is considered cheap, then this is never going to take off.<br />
<br />
I realize that other authors will have different opinions than I, and that this entry is probably not going to remain as it is for long. Come on, everybody. These comments do not reflect the opinions of Open Circuits. They are only my own. Add yours.<br />
<br />
I personally stay away from app boards unless I absolutely need to use them because of the price. Also the components tend to not be in sockets, so if you blow a pin or two on that $100 app board, you need to replace the entire board as opposed to a $5 microcontroller. Unfortunatly, many of the better parts are only available in SMT packages. [[User:Mzoran|Mzoran]] 15:30, 16 December 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
Competition?<br />
I see that there is a different [http://parallax.com/Store/Microcontrollers/PropellerDevelopmentBoards/tabid/514/CategoryID/73/List/0/Level/a/ProductID/423/Default.aspx?SortField=ProductName%2cProductName 32 bit microcontroller on a PCB for $20 + shipping]. It has a SMT microcontroller, but I see the same microcontroller is also available in a DIP package for easy solderless-breadboard prototyping.<br />
--[[User:DavidCary|DavidCary]] 22:51, 30 December 2007 (PST)<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
I've had great experiences with [[Mouser]] and [[Jameco]] for smallish orders (<$200). I've also had several good experiences with [[SparkFun]]. I now avoid Fry's. In addition to their horrible return policies, their stock is very random and prices aren't very good.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
My personal experiance with Surplus Sales was very good. I would highly recommend them for anyone that needs a blower motor, hydraulic pump, etc. Good prices, good service.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
IguanaLabs ( http://www.iguanalabs.com/ ) seems to be very hobbyist-friendly. They have a very small selection of parts, but it includes the lowest-cost [[breadboard]]s I've seen. <br />
<br />
Please note that IguanaLabs will be closing its doors for good on August 11th, 2007.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
See also the list at http://techref.massmind.org/techref/supplies.htm .<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Don't forget to check [http://www.ebay.com ebay] if you're looking for fairly generic items. There are a number of suppliers that ship cheap components from China, plus a few who ship from within the US. I've gotten great prices on character LCD displays, pin headers, SMD LEDs, and PIC microcontrollers, among others.<br />
<br />
[http://ledshoppe.com/ ledshoppe] has good prices on LEDs (all pin-through-hole). They don't have any other components, but they do have dirt cheap bluetooth dongles and SD card readers that may be of interest. Shipped from China, shipping is free. Usually arrives in the US in about a week, never had a problem with them.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Should comments be moved to discussion and a consensus formed around factual information regarding suppliers?<br />
<br />
== other supplier reviews ==<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.linuxcnc.org/cgi-bin/emcinfo.pl?Suppliers LinuxCNC: Suppliers]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:suppliers]]</div>211.38.131.22http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Photoetching&diff=12864Photoetching2008-01-09T11:12:47Z<p>211.38.131.22: </p>
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chemical energy] == Negative Film ==<br />
<br />
Printed Circuit Boards<br />
I start with a hand drawn schematic. The schematic is then prototyped on a breadboard (prototype board). Breadboarding provides a test platform for circuit designs. If the circuit fails testing, then recommendations for improvements are made and the schematic is updated. Once a circuit is thoroughly tested and proven reliable then the circuit is entered into a CAD package for electronic storing, editing and printing.<br />
<br />
A CAD software package was used to design the printed circuit board (PCB) layouts. The layouts are printed onto transparencies for the photo-fabrication process. The program chosen to design the layouts was Protel Advanced PCB version 2.8. The layouts are designed manually from the schematics. Protel allows the creation of a custom library of components. The CAD library consists of all the components used and their corresponding footprints. Each component in a schematic has a footprint. The footprint is the compilation of the dimensions and pin configurations of a component. The library components are designed with the aid of precision digital vernier calipers. Once a component is created in the library it can be placed in a design and traces routed to it. <br />
<br />
The PCBs were made using a positive photo-fabrication process. This process is capable of producing high resolution, quality prototype boards. The PCB material used is a presensitized copper clad board. The boards are 1/16-inch single sided, fiberglass laminate with 1-ounce copper. Before exposing the boards I cut them to the desired dimensions.<br />
<br />
Exposing the boards must take place in a darkroom since the boards are photosensitive. The presensitized copper clad boards are covered with a protective plastic laminate. Beneath the protective laminate is the resist coating over the copper. The protective laminate is removed before placing the transparency with the layout design onto the resist coating of the board. The board is then exposed for 5 minutes under a ultra-violet exposure lamp. <br />
<br />
After being exposed the board is developed using the developing solution. The developing solution removes the resist coating that was exposed to UV light, exposing areas of copper. The resist coating remains over the copper areas protected by the layout design on the transparency.<br />
<br />
The exposed copper is etched in a bubble-etching tank using Ammonium Persulfate solution. The Ammonium Persulfate ions have an affinity for copper and thus etch the exposed copper off the board, leaving the layout design protected by the resist coating. <br />
<br />
The components used for the design are thru-hole <br />
1000<br />
and thus require holes to be drilled in the PCB for placement. The holes are drilled using carbide bits. Carbide bits are required to drill through the fiberglass laminate. Regular bits are not durable enough and wear out too quickly.<br />
<br />
<br />
Populating the boards consists of placing the components corresponding to the bill of materials and the component silkscreen. The bill of materials provides the components part numbers and details. The silkscreen printout from the layout design provides the component location on the board. <br />
<br />
The components are soldered on starting with jumper wires, resistors and working up to ICs and larger components.<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* [http://diypcb.googlepages.com Yet another PCB guide]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Techniques]]</div>211.38.131.22http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Sample_Component&diff=12860Sample Component2008-01-09T06:57:14Z<p>211.38.131.22: </p>
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<br />
Description=Here's the description|<br />
<br />
Manufacturer=This is the manufacturer|<br />
<br />
Footprint=no footprint yet<br />
<br />
}}</div>211.38.131.22http://www.opencircuits.com/index.php?title=Integrated_Circuits&diff=12815Integrated Circuits2008-01-08T13:07:29Z<p>211.38.131.22: </p>
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== Digital Potentiometers ==<br />
[[Digital Potentiometers|Digital Potentiometers(AD5204)]]<br />
The digital Potentiometers made by analog devices (AD5204) has 255 positions can be adjusted by the microcomputer that can receive commands from the computer. This is a great way for analog circuitry to have digital control. This is a chip with 4 digitally controlled POTs and the pots can be daisy chained to have multiple chips controlled by a single SPI interface.<br />
<br />
Unlike a mechanical POT, digital POTs often have the restriction that one of the three terminals of the POT needs GND, making these devices harder to use in applications where none of the three terminals is GND -- such as LCD contrast adjustment, where the contrast is controlled by a voltage lower than GND.<br />
<br />
== Voltage Regulators ==<br />
{|<br />
! colspan="2" align="left"| Linear Regulators<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|[[Image:Main-LT1528.jpg|69px|LT1528]]<br>[[LT1528]]<br />
| High current, Variable Voltage Regulator<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|[[Image:TPS-V-Reg.jpg|69px|TPS V-Reg]]<br>[[TPS V-Regs]]<br />
| These are 3.3V and 5V LDO, Low-Noise Voltage Regulators. Very small SOT-23 SMD package. 150mA max current. Best used in battery applications.<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"|[[Image:Main-LM7805.jpg|69px]]<br>[[Basic Voltage Regulators]]<br />
| Variable voltage regulators, set output regulators, we give you the whole breakdown. Perfect for use with an external wall-wart power supply.<br />
|-<br />
| align="center"| [[Image:UA723CN_Symbol.gif]]<br>[[The 723 Voltage Regulator]]<br />
| Precision Voltage Regulator. Can be used as fixed or floating, variable, linear or switching. <br />
'''NOTE:''' Only the DIP-14 version (image) has the Vz pin, which is used for negative regulators. The Metal Can and the Flat-Pack do not have enough pins so exclude the Vz.<br />
|-<br />
|</div>211.38.131.22