Techniques

There are a wide variety of techniques used in electronics.

Circuit Design

 * Basic Circuit Building Blocks

Prototyping
Prototyping circuitboards:

"Construction Ideas" has nice photographs of the above circuit construction techniques. ["Effects Building Techniques" by R.G. Keen 1999 reviews, compares, and contrasts these techniques for circuit construction -- also a few more.
 * Solderless protoboard
 * Point-to-point (Wikipedia:Point-to-point construction)
 * Wirewrap (Wikipedia:Wire Wrap)
 * Dead bug style
 * Manhattan style
 * Board-less construction, not sure there is a name for it, can be very cool see: http://runawaybrainz.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/audio-crystal-cmoy-freeform-headphone.html this one is potted in clear plastic.
 * "Ugly Construction" (like deadbug... )


 * Stripboard (Veroboard): (Wikipedia:stripboard.)

Most of these techniques are designed to use through-hole devices with pins on 0.1" centers -- and vice versa: most through-hole devices are designed to fit into stripboard or other prototyping board with holes on 0.1" centers.

So how do people prototype something with a surface mount device (SMD)?
 * Some people continue to use prototyping boards with 0.1" holes, with a bit of creativity, for some SMT devices
 * Some people solder many SMT devices to tiny "generic" "surface-mount prototyping boards", then those tiny boards wired together into a complete system (perhaps also including through-hole parts on a stripboard or solderless breadboard). ("Universal through-hole and SMD prototyping board"), (Schmartboard Schmartboard forum), ("Surfboards"). Alas, none of these are completely generic for most kinds of SMT parts the way that stripboard is completely generic for almost all kinds of through-hole parts.
 * Some people buy a demo board with the SMT part already soldered to it; then these small boards can be wired into a complete system (perhaps also including through-hole parts on a stripboard or solderless breadboard).
 * Sometimes people are forced to build a big custom PCB with precise footprints adapted to that SMD device. (This seems to be what manufacturers that make SMDs expect you to do).

PCB Design/Fabrication
Printed Circuit Boards

Soldering Techniques

 * Basic soldering -- How to use a soldering iron.
 * Surface Mount
 * Skillet reflow
 * Toaster oven reflow
 * Hot air soldering
 * A few different SMT assembly methods that you can do at home on a cheap budget
 * Rework -- Techniques for fixing mistakes, or for adding new features to a board that almost does what you want.
 * official NASA recommendations for adding discrete wiring ("jumper wires") to PCBs

(Have you seen this CNC solder paste/pick n place ?) Hackaday has lots of other similar articles: search hackaday for "solder paste"

(Optional: ) After all the parts are completely soldered down, some people like to spray the board with some kind of conformal coating, or completely seal in the board with some kind of potting compound. See "Electronics and Robotics: What's the best way to protect a board from corrosion in a hot/moist environment?".

Hardware Tools
A directory of hardware tools that you may find useful.

Software Tools
A directory of software tools that you may find useful.

PC-Microcontroller Communications
Discussion of the various methods to connect a microcontroller or embedded system to a PC...

Embedded System Programming and Testing
To add to the confusion programming in embedded system can mean a person writing a program or a device called a programmer "burning" a program into a chip. This section is for the "burning" meaning of programming.


 * Many systems use JTAG for programming and testing. (Such as Atmel AVR embedded systems]).
 * Other systems use some other kind of in-circuit programming.
 * Some people use bootloaders to make re-programming a little quicker.

-- not sure that this next one is not misplaced ? -- ''We're talking about "programming and testing" ? What else do you use to test op-amp circuits?''


 * Many people use an oscilloscope (o'scope). See oscilloscope for a list of Keith has made a list of low-cost o'scopesl "PC USB logic analyzers that cost under $1000." for a list of low-cost logic analyzers.

Humans writing a program almost always do it in a language. Here is a section that discusses some of these languages: Programming Languages

Driving Motors
See Stepper Motor Tester and motor driver.

Enclosure

 * The Earth Signal should short to whole metal Case
 * Digital/Analog GND should separate to this Earth Signal, and should connect a Y-cap. to filter the noise between them.
 * Attention: do not place near between Earth Signal and Digital/Analog GND, otherwise some spark come out, and affect your whole system.
 * See enclosures.

Misc Tips Tricks
Misc Tips Tricks

Environmental Issues
See better for the environment.